Index
This is a conceptual index for Practical Philosophy: How to Live. It covers key philosophical terms, major thinkers, traditions, thought experiments, and the book's anchor examples. Chapter references are to the main chapter texts; "App." references are to appendices.
Bold chapter numbers indicate where a term or thinker is most fully developed. An asterisk (*) after a chapter number indicates a passing mention only.
A
absurdism, Ch 6, Ch 13, Ch 29, App. G — distinguished from nihilism, Ch 13, App. H — revolt as response, Ch 29*
acceptance vs. resistance (when each is appropriate), Ch 6, Ch 27, Ch 28, Ch 30, Ch 37, App. I
aesthetics, Ch 20; see also beauty
African philosophy, Ch 3, Ch 7, Ch 30, App. B, App. C, App. G — communalism, Ch 30 — concept of time (Mbiti), Ch 30 — relational ontology, Ch 14, Ch 30 — Ubuntu; see Ubuntu*
akrasia (weakness of will), Ch 9
alienation (Marx), Ch 18
amor fati, Ch 27, Ch 29
anicca; see impermanence
anatta; see no-self
Appiah, Kwame Anthony, Ch 3, Ch 30, App. G
applied ethics, Ch 12; see also bioethics; environmental ethics; technology ethics
aporia, Ch 1, Ch 2, App. H
Aquinas, Thomas, Ch 3, Ch 13
argument analysis, Ch 2, App. H
Aristotle (384–322 BCE), Ch 4, Ch 5, Ch 7, Ch 9, Ch 11, Ch 17, Ch 18, Ch 20, App. B, App. C, App. D, App. G — eudaimonia; see eudaimonia — friendship (philia), Ch 5, Ch 17 — phronesis (practical wisdom), Ch 5, Ch 9 — virtue ethics; see virtue ethics
atman (Hindu concept of self), Ch 32
Augustine of Hippo, Ch 19*, App. D
Aurelius, Marcus (121–180 CE), Ch 6, Ch 27*, App. C, App. D, App. G
Austin, J.L., Ch 25, App. G
authenticity, Ch 13, Ch 14, Ch 16, Ch 18, Ch 26, Ch 29 — Heidegger on, Ch 16, Ch 29 — Sartre on, Ch 29*
B
bad faith (Sartre), Ch 29, App. H — distinguished from hypocrisy, App. H
Beauvoir, Simone de (1908–1986), Ch 10, Ch 16, Ch 29**, App. C, App. D, App. G
beauty, Ch 20 — Kant's aesthetic theory, Ch 20 — non-Western aesthetics (wabi-sabi, shanshui), Ch 20
being-toward-death (Heidegger), Ch 16, Ch 37*
Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832), Ch 4, App. C, App. D
Berkeley, George (1685–1753), Ch 24, App. D
Bergson, Henri, Ch 19*
bioethics, Ch 12, App. F
Boethius (477–524 CE), Ch 6, Ch 16, Ch 27, Ch 37*, App. C, App. D
Brahman (Hindu concept), Ch 32
Buddha / Siddhartha Gautama (c. 563–483 BCE), Ch 6, Ch 28*, App. B, App. C, App. D
Buddhism, Ch 3, Ch 5, Ch 6, Ch 14, Ch 19, Ch 28, Ch 35, App. B, App. C, App. G — consciousness (philosophy of mind), Ch 23, *Ch 28 — dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda), Ch 15, Ch 28 — dharma, Ch 28 — dukkha (suffering), Ch 6, Ch 28 — Eightfold Path, Ch 28 — Four Noble Truths, Ch 6, Ch 28 — karma, Ch 28 — loving-kindness (metta), Ch 17, Ch 28 — Madhyamaka philosophy, Ch 14, *Ch 28 — Mahayana vs. Theravada, Ch 28 — meditation as practice, Ch 28, Ch 35 — mindfulness, Ch 28, Ch 35 — nirvana, Ch 28 — no-self; see no-self — Three Marks of Existence, Ch 28 — well-being, Ch 5*
C
Cajete, Gregory, Ch 34, App. G
Camus, Albert (1913–1960), Ch 13, Ch 18, Ch 29*, App. C, App. D, App. G
care ethics, Ch 10, Ch 12, Ch 17, Ch 30, Ch 37, App. F — Carol Gilligan, Ch 10 — Nel Noddings, Ch 10 — Virginia Held, Ch 10, App. G — compared with Ubuntu, Ch 30
categorical imperative (Kant), Ch 8, App. F, App. H — humanity formula, Ch 8 — universal law formula, Ch 8 — distinguished from Golden Rule, App. H
Chalmers, David (b. 1966), Ch 23, Ch 26*, App. C, App. G
civil disobedience, Ch 8, Ch 11*
Collins, Patricia Hill (b. 1948), Ch 10*, App. C
communitarianism, Ch 11, Ch 14*
compatibilism, Ch 15, App. H — Frankfurt's version, Ch 15 — Hume's version, Ch 15* — distinguished from soft determinism, App. H
conceptual analysis (method), Ch 2
Confucian philosophy, Ch 3, Ch 7, Ch 25, *Ch 31, Ch 35, App. B, App. C, App. G — five relationships, Ch 31 — junzi (exemplary person), Ch 31 — li (ritual propriety), Ch 31 — rectification of names, Ch 25, Ch 31 — ren (humaneness), Ch 31 — self-cultivation, Ch 1, Ch 31, **Ch 35 — yi (righteousness), Ch 31
Confucius / Kongzi (551–479 BCE), Ch 1, Ch 31*, App. B, App. C, App. D
consciousness, Ch 23, Ch 26 — Chalmers' hard problem; see hard problem of consciousness — Buddhist philosophy of mind, Ch 23, Ch 28 — functionalism, *Ch 23 — Hindu perspectives, Ch 32 — physicalism, Ch 23*
consequentialism, Ch 4, Ch 7, App. F — utilitarian variant; see utilitarianism*
contractarianism, Ch 4, Ch 7, Ch 11*
Crenshaw, Kimberlé (b. 1963), Ch 10
D
Daoist philosophy, Ch 3, Ch 19, Ch 33, Ch 35, App. B, App. C, App. G — naturalness (ziran), Ch 33 — te (virtue/power), Ch 33 — three treasures, Ch 33 — wu wei (non-action), Ch 19, *Ch 33 — Zhuangist perspectivism, Ch 33*
death, Ch 16, Ch 37 — Epicurean argument, Ch 16 — Stoic preparation (memento mori), Ch 16, Ch 27 — Heidegger's being-toward-death, Ch 16, Ch 37 — Buddhist impermanence, Ch 16, Ch 28**
Deloria, Vine, Jr. (1933–2005), Ch 34, App. C, App. D, App. G
democratic theory, Ch 11
Dennett, Daniel (b. 1942), Ch 15, Ch 23*, App. G
deontology, Ch 4, Ch 8, App. F — Kantian; see categorical imperative — prima facie duties (Ross), Ch 8 — rule-consequentialism distinguished, Ch 8*
dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda), Ch 15, Ch 28*
Descartes, René (1596–1650), Ch 21, Ch 23, App. C
determinism, Ch 15 — hard determinism, Ch 15 — neuroscientific challenges to free will, Ch 15 — soft determinism, Ch 15, App. H — see also compatibilism
dharma, Ch 32 — multiple meanings, Ch 32
dichotomy of control (Stoic), Ch 6, Ch 27, App. H — distinguished from fatalism, App. H
digital age (philosophy of), Ch 26
discourse analysis (Foucault), Ch 25*
distributive justice, Ch 7; see also Rawls
dualism (Cartesian), Ch 23*
dukkha (suffering), Ch 6, Ch 28; see also suffering
E
environmental ethics, Ch 12, Ch 34*
Epictetus (c. 50–135 CE), Ch 1, Ch 6, Ch 15, Ch 27, App. C, App. D, App. G
Epicurus (341–270 BCE), Ch 5, Ch 16*, App. C, App. D
epistemic humility, Ch 21, Ch 22, Ch 38**
epistemic injustice (Fricker), Ch 21*, App. G
epistemology, Ch 21, Ch 22, App. B — classical JTB analysis, Ch 21 — coherentism vs. foundationalism, Ch 21 — Gettier problem, Ch 21 — pragmatist theory of truth, Ch 21 — reliabilism, Ch 21* — skepticism; see skepticism
eudaimonia, Ch 5, Ch 13, Ch 18, Ch 35, App. H — distinguished from pleasure/happiness (modern sense), App. H — Aristotle vs. Stoic debate, Ch 5, Ch 27 — external goods required for, *Ch 5
existentialism, Ch 6, Ch 13, Ch 14, Ch 15, *Ch 16, Ch 18, Ch 29, App. B, App. C, App. G — bad faith; see bad faith — Camus' absurdism; see absurdism — facticity, Ch 29 — Heidegger's authenticity; see authenticity — Kierkegaard's stages of existence, *Ch 29 — radical freedom; see freedom (radical) — situated freedom (Beauvoir), Ch 29 — thrownness, Ch 29
experience machine (Nozick), Ch 5, Ch 13*
F
facticity (Sartre), Ch 29
Fanon, Frantz (1925–1961), Ch 11, Ch 30, App. C
fatalism, distinguished from Stoic dichotomy of control, App. H
feminist ethics, Ch 10, Ch 15, Ch 17, App. B — care ethics; see care ethics — feminist epistemology, *Ch 10 — intersectionality, Ch 10 — standpoint theory, Ch 10*
Foucault, Michel (1926–1984), Ch 25*
Frankfurt, Harry (b. 1929), Ch 15, Ch 17
free will, Ch 15; see also compatibilism; determinism; freedom
freedom, Ch 15, Ch 29 — Beauvoir's situated freedom, Ch 29 — compatibilist; see compatibilism — existentialist radical freedom, Ch 15, Ch 29 — Sartre on being "condemned to be free," Ch 29*, App. I
Frankl, Viktor (1905–1997), Ch 6, Ch 13*, App. G
Fricker, Miranda (b. 1966), Ch 21*, App. G
G
Gettier problem, Ch 21
Gilligan, Carol (b. 1936), Ch 10, App. C, App. D
Golden Rule, distinguished from categorical imperative, App. H
Gyekye, Kwame (1939–2019), Ch 30, App. G
H
Hadot, Pierre (1922–2010), Ch 35, App. C, App. G
Haidt, Jonathan (b. 1963), Ch 9*
happiness; see eudaimonia
hard determinism, Ch 15
hard problem of consciousness (Chalmers), Ch 23, Ch 26*
Hegel, G.W.F. (1770–1831), Ch 3*, App. C
Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976), Ch 13, Ch 16, Ch 18, Ch 26*, App. C, App. G
hedonism, Ch 5
Held, Virginia (b. 1929), Ch 10*, App. G
Heraclitus (c. 500 BCE), Ch 19, App. B
hermeneutical injustice (Fricker), Ch 21*
Hindu philosophy, Ch 3, Ch 18, Ch 24, *Ch 32, App. B, App. C, App. G — Advaita Vedanta, Ch 32 — atman and Brahman, Ch 32 — Bhagavad Gita, Ch 32 — dharma; see dharma — karma, Ch 32 — maya (illusion), Ch 24, Ch 32 — moksha (liberation), Ch 32 — Samkhya school, Ch 32 — yoga paths (karma, jnana, bhakti), Ch 32**
Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), Ch 11, App. C
hooks, bell (1952–2021), Ch 10, Ch 17**, App. C
Hume, David (1711–1776), Ch 9, Ch 14, Ch 15, Ch 22**, App. C, App. D
I
identity (personal), Ch 14, Ch 19, App. H — Buddhist no-self; see no-self — narrative identity, Ch 14, Ch 25 — Parfitian psychological continuity, Ch 14 — relational self, Ch 14, Ch 30, *Ch 31 — Ship of Theseus, Ch 14 — social/relational self, Ch 14**
impermanence (anicca), Ch 19, Ch 28 — Daoist perspective, Ch 19, Ch 33**
Indigenous philosophy, Ch 3, Ch 19, Ch 34, App. B, App. C, App. G — ceremony as philosophy, Ch 34 — circular vs. linear time, Ch 34 — land as relative, Ch 34 — place-based knowledge, Ch 34 — relational ontology, Ch 14, *Ch 34 — two-eyed seeing (Etuaptmumk), Ch 34
intersectionality (Crenshaw), Ch 10
J
James, William (1842–1910), Ch 15, Ch 21**, App. C, App. G
Jonas, Hans (1903–1993), Ch 12*
justice, Ch 7, Ch 11 — commutative vs. distributive, Ch 7 — Nozick's libertarian justice, Ch 7, *Ch 11 — Rawlsian; see Rawls — Ubuntu conception of, Ch 7, Ch 30**
K
Kahneman, Daniel (b. 1934), Ch 9*, App. G
Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), Ch 4, Ch 8, Ch 11, Ch 15, Ch 20, App. C, App. D — categorical imperative; see categorical imperative — phenomena / noumena, **Ch 24 — sublime, Ch 20*
karma, Ch 28, Ch 32*
Kierkegaard, Søren (1813–1855), Ch 13, Ch 22, Ch 29***, App. C
Kimmerer, Robin Wall (b. 1972), Ch 34, App. C, App. D, App. G
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–1968), Ch 8*
knowledge (theory of), Ch 21; see also epistemology
Kuhn, Thomas (1922–1996), Ch 22*, App. G
L
language (philosophy of), Ch 25, App. G — Confucian rectification of names, Ch 25, Ch 31 — linguistic relativity (Sapir-Whorf), Ch 25 — speech act theory (Austin), *Ch 25 — Wittgenstein's language games, Ch 25*
Laozi / Lao Tzu (traditional, c. 6th century BCE), Ch 33, App. B, App. C, App. D, App. G
Leopold, Aldo (1887–1948), Ch 12*
Levinas, Emmanuel (1906–1995), Ch 16, Ch 17**
Lewis, C.S. (1898–1963), Ch 37*, App. G
Libet, Benjamin (1916–2007), Ch 15*
Locke, John (1632–1704), Ch 8, Ch 11*, Ch 14, App. C
logos (Stoic), Ch 27*
love (philosophy of), Ch 17 — ancient Greek typology (eros, philia, storge, agape), Ch 17 — care ethics and relationships, Ch 17 — Plato's Symposium, Ch 17**
M
MacIntyre, Alasdair (b. 1929), Ch 9, Ch 11, Ch 14, *Ch 25*, App. C, App. G
Major Life Decision Persona (running anchor example), Ch 1–38 throughout, App. E, App. H, App. I
Marxism, Ch 18*
maya (illusion), Ch 24, Ch 32*
meaning of life, Ch 13 — absurdist view; see absurdism — Confucian relational meaning, Ch 13 — existentialist view (Sartre), Ch 13 — religious/theistic meaning, Ch 13 — Susan Wolf's fitting fulfillment theory, Ch 13 — Viktor Frankl on meaning-making, Ch 6, *Ch 13*
Mencius / Mengzi (372–289 BCE), Ch 9, Ch 31*, App. C
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (1908–1961), Ch 24*
metaethics, Ch 4; see also moral realism; moral relativism*
Mill, John Stuart (1806–1873), Ch 4, Ch 7, Ch 11***, App. C, App. D
mind-body problem, Ch 23; see also consciousness
mindfulness, Ch 28, Ch 35**
moksha (liberation), Ch 32
Montaigne, Michel de (1533–1592), Ch 1, Ch 38**, App. D, App. G
moral luck, Ch 9*
moral psychology, Ch 9 — akrasia (weakness of will), Ch 9 — implicit bias, Ch 9 — moral licensing, Ch 9 — social intuitionism (Haidt), Ch 9 — situationist challenge to virtue, *Ch 9
moral realism, Ch 4*
moral relativism, Ch 4*
Murdoch, Iris (1919–1999), Ch 9, Ch 20**, App. G
N
Nagel, Thomas (b. 1937), Ch 13, Ch 23*, App. C, App. D, App. G
Nagarjuna (c. 150–250 CE), Ch 14, Ch 28*, App. C, App. G
narrative identity, Ch 14, Ch 25; see also MacIntyre; Ricoeur
natural law, Ch 13*
nihilism, Ch 13*, distinguished from absurdism, App. H
nirvana, Ch 28
no-self (anatta), Ch 14, Ch 28 — distinguished from denial of personal existence, App. H
Noddings, Nel (b. 1929), Ch 10, Ch 37*, App. C
Nozick, Robert (1938–2002), Ch 5, Ch 7, Ch 11***
Nussbaum, Martha (b. 1947), Ch 9, Ch 17, Ch 20*, App. C, App. G
O–P
Parfit, Derek (1942–2017), Ch 14, Ch 38*, App. C, App. D, App. G
personal identity; see identity
phronesis (practical wisdom), Ch 5, Ch 9**
Plato (428–348 BCE), Ch 1, Ch 2, Ch 3, Ch 5, Ch 7, Ch 17, *Ch 20, Ch 21**, App. B, App. C, App. D
political philosophy, Ch 11 — civil disobedience, Ch 8, Ch 11 — communitarianism, Ch 11 — deliberative democracy, *Ch 11 — legitimacy, Ch 11 — liberal democracy, Ch 11 — libertarianism, Ch 7, *Ch 11 — social contract; see social contract theory — state of nature, Ch 11*
Popper, Karl (1902–1994), Ch 22*
practical wisdom; see phronesis
pragmatism, Ch 21, Ch 35, App. G
preferred indifferents (Stoic), Ch 27
prima facie duties (Ross), Ch 8
progressive project (Personal Philosophy); see App. E, App. H
Q–R
Rawls, John (1921–2002), Ch 7, Ch 10, Ch 11, App. C, App. D — difference principle, Ch 7 — original position, Ch 7 — reflective equilibrium, Ch 1, **Ch 38, App. H, App. I — veil of ignorance, Ch 7, Ch 10, Ch 11
reality (philosophy of), Ch 24 — Berkeley's idealism, Ch 24 — Kant's phenomena/noumena, Ch 24 — maya; see maya*
rectification of names (Confucian), Ch 25, Ch 31**
reflective equilibrium (Rawls), Ch 1, Ch 38**, App. H
ren (humaneness, Confucian), Ch 31
Ricoeur, Paul (1913–2005), Ch 14, Ch 25*, App. C, App. G
rights (theory of), Ch 8, Ch 11*
Ross, W.D. (1877–1971), Ch 8
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778), Ch 11*, App. C, App. D
Russell, Bertrand (1872–1970), Ch 3*, App. C, App. G
S
Sandel, Michael (b. 1953), Ch 11*, App. G
Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905–1980), Ch 13, Ch 14, Ch 18, *Ch 29, App. C, App. D, App. G
science (philosophy of), Ch 22 — demarcation problem, Ch 22 — Kuhn's paradigms, Ch 22 — Popper's falsificationism, Ch 22 — relationship to religion, *Ch 22
self; see identity
Seneca (4 BCE–65 CE), Ch 27*
Shankara (788–820 CE), Ch 24, Ch 32*, App. C, App. G
Ship of Theseus (thought experiment), Ch 14, Ch 19*
Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake (b. 1971), Ch 34, App. G
Singer, Peter (b. 1946), Ch 2, Ch 12**, App. D, App. G
skepticism (epistemic), Ch 21
social contract theory, Ch 7, Ch 11 — Hobbes, Ch 11 — Locke, Ch 11 — Rawls; see Rawls — Rousseau, *Ch 11
Socrates (470–399 BCE), Ch 1, Ch 2, Ch 5, App. B, App. C, App. D — aporia, Ch 1, App. H — Socratic method, Ch 1, Ch 2*
speech act theory, Ch 25*
Spinoza, Baruch (1632–1677), Ch 15*
Stockdale, James (1923–2005), Ch 6, Ch 27, Ch 37, App. D — Stockdale Paradox, Ch 27**
Stoic Prison Test, Ch 6, Ch 27, Ch 37, App. H
Stoicism, Ch 6, Ch 16, Ch 27, Ch 35, Ch 37, App. B, App. C, App. G — cosmopolitanism, *Ch 27 — dichotomy of control; see dichotomy of control — logos, Ch 27 — preferred indifferents, Ch 27 — premeditatio malorum, Ch 27, *Ch 35 — role ethics, Ch 27 — sage ideal, Ch 27 — spiritual exercises, *Ch 27, Ch 35 — view from above, Ch 27, Ch 35 — virtue as sole good, *Ch 27
suffering, Ch 6, Ch 37 — Buddhist view; see dukkha — care ethics response, Ch 6, Ch 37 — existentialist confrontation, Ch 6, *Ch 29 — Frankl's meaning-making, Ch 6 — Stoic view; see dichotomy of control — when philosophy fails, Ch 37**
surveillance capitalism (Zuboff), Ch 26*, App. G
T
Tao / Dao; see Daoist philosophy
Tech Ethics Dilemma (running anchor example), Ch 4, Ch 10, Ch 12, Ch 26*, App. F, App. H, App. I
technology (philosophy of), Ch 26, App. G — AI ethics, Ch 12, Ch 26 — digital identity, Ch 26 — Heidegger's enframing, Ch 26 — surveillance capitalism, *Ch 26*
Thich Nhat Hanh (1926–2022), Ch 19, Ch 28*, App. G
Thomson, Judith Jarvis (b. 1929), Ch 4, Ch 12**, App. G
thought experiment (as method), Ch 2
thrownness (Heidegger), Ch 29
time (philosophy of), Ch 19
trolley problem, Ch 4, App. F, App. H
Tu Weiming (b. 1940), Ch 31*, App. G
Turing, Alan (1912–1954), Ch 23*
Tutu, Desmond (1931–2021), Ch 7, Ch 30*, App. D, App. G
U
Ubuntu, Ch 7, Ch 30, Ch 36, Ch 37 — "I am because we are," Ch 14, Ch 30 — compared with care ethics, Ch 30 — distinguished from denial of individual existence, App. H — justice conception, *Ch 7, Ch 30 — relational ontology, Ch 30**
utilitarianism, Ch 4, Ch 7, Ch 12, App. F — Bentham vs. Mill distinction, Ch 4 — applied to social arrangements, *Ch 7 — preference utilitarianism (Singer), Ch 12**
V
Vallor, Shannon (b. 1975), Ch 26*, App. G
veil of ignorance (Rawls), Ch 7, Ch 10, Ch 11
virtue ethics, Ch 4, Ch 5, Ch 9, App. F — character, Ch 9 — situationist challenge to, Ch 9 — phronesis (practical wisdom), Ch 5, *Ch 9*
W
Weber, Max (1864–1920), Ch 18*
well-being; see eudaimonia; the good life
Wiredu, Kwasi (1931–2022), Ch 3, Ch 30**, App. G
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889–1951), Ch 25, Ch 37*, App. C, App. D, App. G
Wolf, Susan (b. 1952), Ch 13, App. G
Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759–1797), Ch 10*, App. C
work (philosophy of), Ch 18
wu wei (non-action), Ch 19, Ch 33*
Z
Zhuangzi (c. 369–286 BCE), Ch 33*, App. C, App. G
Zuboff, Shoshana (b. 1951), Ch 12, Ch 26**, App. G